A Compassionate Guide to Lymphoma in Cats

Here at NOLA Crazy Cat Lady, we believe knowledge is power, especially when it comes to the health of our beloved feline family. Hearing the word “cancer” from your vet is a heart-dropping moment no pet parent is prepared for. Lymphoma is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in cats, but it’s also one of the most treatable.

This guide will walk you through what lymphoma is, what to expect, and how to be the best advocate for your cat through diagnosis, treatment, and beyond.

What is Feline Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes – a type of white blood cell that is a key player in the immune system. Because these cells are found throughout the body in lymph nodes, organs, and the bloodstream, lymphoma can develop almost anywhere.

Think of lymphocytes as soldiers. In lymphoma, these soldiers become corrupted, multiplying out of control and forming tumors that interfere with normal bodily function.

What Causes Lymphoma in Cats?

While the exact cause is often unknown, we know of several key risk factors:

• Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This was once the leading cause of lymphoma in cats. Thanks to widespread testing and vaccination, FeLV-related lymphoma has decreased, but it remains a significant risk factor. FeLV alters the cat’s DNA, making them highly susceptible to cancer.
• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to FeLV, FIV suppresses the immune system, increasing the risk of developing lymphoma.
• Chronic Inflammation: Long-term inflammation in a specific area (e.g., from inflammatory bowel disease) can, over time, lead to genetic changes that trigger lymphoma in that location.
• Environmental Factors: Exposure to tobacco smoke has been strongly linked to an increased risk of lymphoma in cats.

The Many Faces of Feline Lymphoma: Types and Symptoms

Lymphoma is a shapeshifter. Its symptoms depend entirely on where in the body the cancer is located. This is why symptoms can be vague and easily mistaken for other illnesses.

Here are the most common forms:

Alimentary (GI) Lymphoma: The most common form. It affects the stomach and/or intestines.

• Symptoms: Vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite, lethargy.

Mediastinal Lymphoma: Occurs in the chest cavity in the space between the lungs (the mediastinum), which contains the thymus and lymph nodes.

• Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, coughing. This is caused by a large tumor or fluid buildup around the lungs. Cats may also have a decreased appetite.

Multicentric/Nodal Lymphoma: Involves multiple lymph nodes throughout the body.

• Symptoms: The most noticeable sign is enlarged, firm lymph nodes under the jaw, in front of the shoulders, or behind the knees.

Renal (Kidney) Lymphoma: Affects one or both kidneys.

• Symptoms: Increased thirst and urination, vomiting, weight loss, decreased appetite. As it progresses, it leads to kidney failure.

Nasal Lymphoma: Occurs in the nasal cavity.

• Symptoms: Sneezing, nasal discharge (often from one nostril), facial swelling, difficulty breathing.

How is it Diagnosed?

If your vet suspects lymphoma, they will recommend a series of tests to confirm and stage the cancer:

• Bloodwork & Urinalysis: To assess overall health and organ function.
• FeLV/FIV Testing: To determine if a virus is involved.
• Imaging: X-rays or an ultrasound are crucial for finding tumors in the chest or abdomen and checking for enlarged lymph nodes.
• Biopsy: The only definitive way to diagnose lymphoma. This involves taking a small sample of tissue (via fine needle aspiration or a surgical biopsy) and having a pathologist examine the cells under a microscope.

A Beacon of Hope: Treatment Options

The primary treatment for lymphoma in cats is chemotherapy. Now, take a deep breath. The image of human chemo side effects does not apply to our feline friends.

• How Cats Handle Chemo: Veterinarians use protocols designed to maximize quality of life. Cats rarely lose their hair (except sometimes their whiskers) and severe side effects are uncommon. Most cats experience only mild, manageable side effects like a day of slight lethargy or decreased appetite after treatment.
• Protocols: The most common is a multi-drug protocol (like the UW-Madison protocol), involving both oral medications at home and occasional injections at the vet. The goal is to induce remission—a state where the cancer is no longer detectable.
• Steroids: Prednisolone, a steroid, is often used. It can kill cancer cells, reduce inflammation, and stimulate appetite. It may be used alone for palliative care or in combination with other chemo drugs.
• Supportive Care: This includes anti-nausea medication, appetite stimulants, and fluid therapy to keep your cat comfortable.

Caring for Your Cat During Treatment: Tips from One Cat Lady to Another

• Pill Pocket Pros: Hiding pills in tasty treats like Greenies Pill Pouches or a dab of cream cheese can be a game-changer.
• Appetite is King: Cancer and treatment can affect appetite. Offer strong-smelling, high-calorie foods like plain chicken baby food, sardines, or prescription recovery diets. Warming the food can make it more enticing.
• Hydration Station: Ensure fresh water is always available. Consider a cat water fountain to encourage drinking.
• Quality of Life is the Goal: Keep a simple diary. Note their energy levels, appetite, and interest in play and affection. Are they having more good days than bad? This is your most important metric.
• Partner with a Specialist: Ask your vet for a referral to a veterinary oncologist. These specialists are experts in cancer treatment and can offer the most advanced care and guidance.

What’s the Prognosis?

This is the toughest question. It depends on the type of lymphoma, how early it was caught, and how well your cat responds to treatment.

• With aggressive chemotherapy, 75-80% of cats achieve remission.
• Median survival times vary by type. For cats with gastrointestinal lymphoma, it can be 6-18 months, with many cats living longer. For mediastinal lymphoma, it's often 6-9 months.

Remember, these are statistics. Your cat is an individual. Treatment can provide many months of happy, comfortable life, and that time is precious.

A lymphoma diagnosis is a beginning, not an end. It’s the start of a new journey where you become your cat’s strongest advocate and most loving nurse. Armed with information and supported by a great veterinary team, you can provide them with the best possible care and cherish every single moment you have together.

Have you cared for a cat with lymphoma? Share your tips and stories in the comments below to support our community of cat lovers.

With love and purrs,

The NOLA Crazy Cat Lady